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--参考文献要列出研究报告中所使用的文献如论文、著作和文件等。

作品标题（Title）

Influence of Genetically Modified Soya   on the Birth-Weight and Survival of Rat Pups

Irina   V . Ermakova

ABSTRACT

Investigation of   the influence of GM soya on the birthrate and survival of the offspring of   Wistar rats were performed. A group of female rats were fed GM soya   flour before mating and pregnancy. The control group of females were fed   traditional soya and the third group of females ,the positive control group,   received feed without any soya. The weight and the mortality rate of the   newborn pups were analyzed. The study showed that   there was a very high rate of pup mortality(55.6%) in the GM soya group in   comparison with the control group and the positive control group (9% and 6.8%   respectively). Moreover, death in the first group continued during lactation,   and the weights of the survivors are lower those from the other two groups.   It was revealed in these experiments, that GM soya could have a negative   influence on the offsprings of Wistar rats

INTRODUCTION  

It   is well accepted by scientists worldwide that four main sources of the   hazards of genetically modified organisms (GMO): 1) those due to the new   genes, and gene products introduced; 2) unintended effects inherent to the   technology; 3) interactions between foreign genes and host genes; and 4)   those arising from the spread of the introduced genes by ordinary   cross-pollination as well as by horizontal gene transfer (World Scientists'   Statement 2000).

To   understand what effect they can have on us and on our animals and whether   their risks may outweigh the benefits it is vitally important to study the influence   of these GM plants in different organisms for several generations. The hazard   of GMO was shown for animals in extensive investigations (Traavik 1995; Ho   and Tappeser 1997; Pusztai 1999 and 2001; Kuznetcov et al. 2004 and others).   Earlier it was shown that consumption of GM food by animals led to the   negative changes in their organisms. Experiments, conducted by Pusztai showed   that potatoes modified by the insertion of the gene of the snowdrop lectin   (an insecticidal proteins), stunted the growth of rats, significantly   affected some of their vital organs, including the kidneys, thymus,   gastrocnemius muscle and others (1998) and damaged their intestines and their   immune system (Ewen and Pusztai 1999). Similar effect of GM potatoes on rats   was obtained at the Institute of Nutrition in Russia (Ermakova 2005). In   another research of Shubbert et al. (1998), foreign DNA, orally ingested by   pregnant mice, was discovered in blood (leukocytes), spleen, liver, heart,   brain, testes and other organs of foetuses and newborn animals. They considered that maternally   ingested foreign DNA could be potential mutagens for the developing fetus. However,   Brake and Evenson (2004) analyzing the testis in mice as a sensitive   biomonitor of potential toxic, didn’t find adverse effects of transgenic soybean diet on fetal   development. From the literature review, there seems a lack of   investigations on the influence of GM crops on mammals, especially on their   reproductive function. Therefore, the objective of the study we undertake is   to see the effect of the most commonly used GM crop on the birth rate,   mortality and weight gain of rat pups, whose mother were fed diets   supplemented with Roundup-Ready soya, a kind of GM food.

METHODS
  Animals:
   Wistar rats were used as the   subjects in the experiment. The animals were brought up to sexual maturity on   laboratory rat feed. When their weight reached about 180 - 200 g, the female   rats were divided into 3 groups, housed in groups(3 rat/cage), and kept under   normal laboratory conditions. The feeding scheme was as follows. Females in   every cage daily received dry pellets from a special container placed on the   top of their cage. Those rats receiving soya flour supplement, were given the   soya flour in a small container placed inside their cage (20g x 40 ml water)   for three rats and, so 5 - 7g flour for each rat every day.
  Experiment:

One   group of female rats of 180 - 200 g weight was allocated to the experimental   group, and received 5-7 soy a flour/rat/day prepared from Roundup-Ready soya,   added to the rat feed for two weeks. Another group females(3) were allocated   to the control group, but their diet was supplemented with the same amount of   soya flour, prepared from the traditional soya in which only traces (0.08+   0.04%) of the GM construct was present, most likely resulting from   cross-contamination. We also introduced a positive control group (in two   cages:3x3), which had not been exposed to soya flour. Therefore females only   got the standard laboratory feed without any supplementation, although it is   acknowledged that the energy and protein content of this diet was less than   in the other two groups.

After   two weeks on the diets all groups of 3 females were mated with two healthy   males of the same age, which had never been exposed to soya flour   supplements. In order to avoid infection of females, the sperm count and   quality had not been determined. We carried on feeding the respective diets   to all females during mating and pregnancy. Upon delivery, all females were   transferred to individual cages, and the amount of soya supplement was   increased by an additional g for every pup born. Lab feed and water was   available for all animals during the experimental period. When the rat pups   opened their eyes and could feed themselves (from 13-14 days of age), the   daily dose of soya supplement was increased till 2 - 3g for every pup,   although all rats had free approach to the soya. All rats ate their soya   portions well. After the experiment was finished the organs of some pups were   taken out and weighed. The level of mortality was analyzed by the one-way   ANOVA, using the Newman-Keuls test for share distribution. The pup’s weight   and its distribution were checked by Mann-Whitney test and Chi-square in   StatSoft Statistica v6.0 Multilingua (Russia).

  RESULTS
  By the end of the experiment,   from the 15 females included in the experiment, 11 gave birth and produced a   total of 132 rat pups. The 4 rats who became pregnant from 6 females on the   positive control diet gave birth to 44 pups (an average of 11 pups/female),   while the four females, from the six on GM soya flour supplemented groups   gave birth to 45 (11 .3 pups/female), and 3 from traditional soya group-33   pups (11 pups/mother).

Supplementation   of the diet of the females with GM soya led to the death of 25 pups, out of   the 45 born by the end of the third week of lactation, while during the same   period on the traditional soya supplemented diets only 3 pups died from 33.   The mortality in the positive control group was also 3, but from the larger   number of pups born, as seen in Table 1. High pup mortality was generally   characteristic for females fed the GM soya flour(Table2). Among the pups from   the females fed the positive control diet, 2 pups died during the first week,   and 1 during the second week after delivery. All pups from females fed   traditional soya flour died during the first week after birth. However, pups   from females fed the GM soya flour supplemented diet kept dying during   lactation period as it is evident from Table 3.

Table   1Mortality of rat pups by the end of the 3rd   week of lactation; compared to the GM soya flour supplemented group

Table 2 Number rat pups died from the   litter of individual females on the GM soya flour supplemented diet

In   two weeks after their birth the weight of pups from the GM soya supplemented   group was less (23.95g ±1.5 g) than that of the pups of the positive control   group (30.03g±1.1 g; p<0.005), or from the traditional soya flour   supplemented group (27.1 g± 0.9 g; p< 0.1). Since the number of surviving   pups was so different, the weigh distribution of the pups was compared in   Table 4. From the data it is evident that 36% of the pups from the GM soya   group weighed less than 20 g, in comparison with 6% in the positive control   group, and with 6.7% found in the traditional soya supplemented diet group   (Table 4). The study of pup’s organs mass showed that the organs of small   pups from GM group were tiny in comparison with the same of other groups   except the brain mass (Table 5). This fact indicated that the pups from the   GM group were the same age as others, but changes occurred with the   development of internal organs. Slight negative effect was found in the group   which received the traditional soya, but this effect was not significant. No   mortality of females and survived young pups eating the GM soya flour   supplemented diet was observed.

DISCUSSION

The   reproductive behaviour of female rats fed on standard laboratory feed   supplemented with soya flour prepared from either genetically modified soya   or traditional soya was studied to see the effect of the diet on pregnancy,   lactation and the growth of the rat pups. Upon delivery, very unexpectedly a   very high rate of pup mortality (55.6%) was observed in the group of females   whose diet was supplemented with the GM soya flour in comparison with the   pups of both the positive control (6.8 %) and the traditional soya flour   supplemented (9%) groups. Also, in this group the pups continued to die over   the period of lactation, which occurred only in the GM soya fed group. At the   same time, the weights of the surviving rat pups were also lower. It is the   more surprising, since the pups were smaller, about half, therefore more milk   should have been available for the individual pups. They should have a better   chance to grow optimally, unless the amount, and/or the quality of the milk   were not affected by consuming the GM soya flour.

Our   data allow us to speculate and presume that the negative effect of GM soya on   the newborn pups could be explained by two possible factors. Firstly, it can   be the result of transformation, and insertion of the foreign genes, which   could penetrate into the sexual/stem cells, or/and into cells of the fetus,   as it was observed by Schubbert et al. (1998). Secondly, the negative effect   could be caused by the accumulation of Roundup residues in GM soya. However,   no mortality was observed with female rats, nor with the young pups survived,   although they also began to eat the GM soya. It is supposed that the effect   could be caused by the first factor. （总词数2005）

References

Brake D.G. and Evenson D.P.(2004): A generational   study of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans on mouse fetal,

postnatal,   pubertal and adult testicular development. Food Chemistry and Toxicology 42:   29-36.
  Ewen SW, Pusztai A (1999): Effect of diets containing genetically modified   potatoes expressing Galanthus

nivalis lectin   on rat small intestine. Lancet 354 (9187).
  Ho MW and Tappeser B (1997): Potential contributions of horizontal gene   transfer to the transboundary

movement of   living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology. In   Transboundary Movement of Living Modified Organisms Resulting from Modern   Biotechnology: Issues and Opportunities for Policy-

Makers (K.J.   Mulongoy, ed.) International Academy of the Environment, Switzerland:171-193.  

Kuznetcov   W, Kulikov AM, Mitrohin IA and Cidendambaev VD (2004): Genetically modified organisms

and biological   safety. Ecos 2004: 3-64.

Pusztai A   (1998): Report of Project Coordinator on data produced at the Rowett Research   Institute. SOAEFD flexible Fund Project RO 818. 22 October 1998.

Pusztai   A (2001): Genetically Modified Foods: Are They a Risk to Human/Animal Health.   Biotechnology: genetically modified organisms.

Schubbert R,   Hohiweg U, Renz D and Doerfier W (1998): On the fate of orally ingested foreign DNA in mice: chromosomal   association and placental transmission in the fetus. Molecules. Genes and   Genetics 259: 569-576.

Traavik T   (1999): Too Early May Be Too Late. Ecological Risks Associated with the Use   of Naked DNA as a

Biological Tool   for Research, Production and Therapy (Norwegian). Report for the Directorate   for Nature Research Tungasletta 2, 7005 Trondheim. English translation

Wilson   A., Latham J., Steinbrecher R. (2004):Genome Scrambling – Myth or Reality?   Transformation-Induced Mutations in Transgenic Crop Plants. EcoNexus, 2004,   35p.

World   Scientists Statement. (2000):Supplementary Information of the Hazards of   Genetic

Engineering   Biotechnology. Third World Network.

Dengue Detective

Have you ever   been bitten by mosquito? Naturally, they suck. And they bite and they make us   itch. And more than that they transmit deadly diseases across the globe   including dengue.

 In   a year, three hundred and nineteen million people fall victim to dengue.   That’s like sixteen times the population of Australia today. And seventy   percent of the death caused by the virus are due to one reason: a delay in   detection.

I was a victim   of dengue myself. Horrible experience. I had a high fever for three days. And   the doctors, like the mosquito, took my blood again and again. And it was not   until the fourth day that they can finally confirm that I had an infection   and stop by treatment. By then I was already too weak even to drink on my   own, and I had to put on drips for a whole week. I felt helpless and afraid   but the worst part was having to witness other victims in my ward succumbed   to dengue just because they were not treated in time. I was lucky to survive.   And I felt that nobody should die from something as trivial as a mosquito   bite, right? And so I dedicated my next few years of my life to find a   solution. What I ‘ve developed is a dengue sensor which is able to detect a   virus more accurately and in need of much shorter time.

Meet my dengue   detective. It holds three basic components: light, anti-bodies and taped   optical fiber which has not been used before. What we need of patient is one   tiny drop of blood. Now let me tell you how it works. Envision an underwater   glass tunnel. You know you once find a Aquarium exhibitions you walk through,   the sharks and fish around you. Now visualize this tapedoptical fiber   as that glass tunnel emerges in a patient’s blood sample. And on the surface   of this fiber tunnel, I mobilize anti-bodies to capture the virus. Next I   transmit light to travel through this fiber tunnel and indicate the presence   and quantity of the virus. And dengue is detected and quantified.

This   dengue detective holdsgreat promise. Let me tell you why.   First, it is highly sensitive and reliable. Second, it is affordable for all   clinics to use. Lastly and most importantly, it is able to reduce the   detection time from 4 days to just 15 minutes, which gives dengue victims a   greater chance to survive. This technology is a huge step forward in the   future of dengue diagnosis.

Mosquito will still suck, but this sensor   would detect virus in time.